Types of programming language in computer..

  Mainy in computer 48 types of language are occur i.e...
                                          

                      First programming languages


In the 1940s, the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created. The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tunedassembly language programs. It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort and was error-prone.
The first programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the 1950s. An early high-level programming language to be designed for a computer was Plankalkül, developed for the German Z3 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000.[2]
John Mauchly's Short Code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer.[3] Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code.

The Manchester Mark 1 ran programs written inAutocode from 1952.
At the University of Manchester, Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s. A programming language, it used acompiler to automatically convert the language into machine code. The first code and compiler was developed in 1952 for theMark 1 computer at the University of Manchester and is considered to be the first compiled high-level programming language.[4][5]
The second autocode was developed for the Mark 1 by R. A. Brooker in 1954 and was called the "Mark 1 Autocode". Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester. The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by D. F. Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances, and was noted for its object code optimisation and source-language diagnostics which were advanced for the time. A contemporary but separate thread of development, Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine.
Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US, called FLOW-MATIC. It was developed for theUNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959. Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation, and in early 1955, she and her team wrote a specification for an Englishprogramming language and implemented a prototype.[6] The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959.[7] Flow-Matic was a major influence in the design of COBOL, since only it and its direct descendent AIMACO were in actual use at the time.[8] The language Fortran was developed at IBM in the mid 1950s, and became the first widely used high-level general purpose programming language.
Other languages still in use today, include LISP (1958), invented by John McCarthy and COBOL (1959), created by the Short Range Committee, heavily influenced by Grace Hopper. Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication, by a committee of American and European computer scientists, of "a new language for algorithms"; the ALGOL 60 Report (the "ALGOrithmic Language"). This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations:
  • nested block structure: code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate, explicitly named procedures;
  • lexical scoping: a block could have its own private variables, procedures and functions, invisible to code outside that block, that is, information hiding.
Another innovation, related to this, was in how the language was described:
  • a mathematically exact notation, Backus-Naur Form (BNF), was used to describe the language's syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax.
Algol 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages, some of which soon became more popular. The Burroughs large systems were designed to be programmed in an extended subset of Algol.
Algol's key ideas were continued, producing ALGOL 68:
  • syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal, with anonymous routines, a recursive typing system with higher-order functions, etc.;
  • not only the context-free part, but the full language syntax and semantics were defined formally, in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar, a formalism designed specifically for this purpose.
Algol 68's many little-used language features (for example, concurrent and parallel blocks) and its complex system of syntactic shortcuts and automatic type coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult. Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language.
Some important languages that were developed in this period include:


                                                                  BUT

We do not need to know about all language..

Following these languages that are need to learn -:

  1. C (one of the most widely used procedural programming languages)
  2. C++ (One of the most widely used Object Oriented Languages specially used in large scale, highly complex, high performance software systems)
  3. Java (usually compiled into JVM bytecode although true native-code compiled versions exist)
  4. PHP (intended for Web servers)
  5. .NET 


Posted by